منتدى ملائكه الرحمه
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| | Hypertension | |
| | كاتب الموضوع | رسالة |
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رشروشه Admin
عدد الرسائل : 4030 العمر : 36 العمل/الترفيه : المدير السٌّمعَة : 4 نقاط : 982 تاريخ التسجيل : 02/04/2008
| موضوع: Hypertension الجمعة 17 أكتوبر 2008, 22:04 | |
| Alternative names
High blood pressure
Definition
Hypertension means high blood pressure. This generally
means:
Systolic blood pressure is consistently over 140 (systolic is the "top" number of your blood pressure measurement, which represents the pressure generated when the heart beats)
Diastolic blood pressure is consistently over 90 (diastolic is the "bottom" number of your blood pressure measurement, which represents the pressure in the vessels when the heart is at rest)
Either or both of these numbers may be too high.
Pre-hypertension is when your systolic blood pressure is between 120 and 139 or your diastolic blood pressure is between 80 and 89 on multiple readings. If you have pre-hypertension, you are likely to develop high blood pressure at some point. Therefore, your doctor will recommend lifestyle changes to bring your blood pressure down to normal range.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood pumped by the heart, and the size and condition of the arteries. Many other factors can affect blood pressure, including volume of water in the body; salt content of the body; condition of the kidneys, nervous system, or blood vessels; and levels of various hormones in the body.
Essential hypertension has no identifiable cause. It may be caused by genetics, environmental factors, or even diet, such as how much salt you use.
"Secondary" hypertension is high blood pressure caused by
another disorder. This may include:
adrenal gland tumors
Cushing's syndrome
kidney disorders
glomerulonephritis (inflammation of kidneys)
renal vascular obstruction or narrowing
renal failure
use of medications, drugs, or other chemicals
oral contraceptives
hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
periarteritis nodosa
radiation enteritis
retroperitoneal fibrosis
Wilms' tumor
Symptoms
Usually, no symptoms are present. Occasionally, you may experience a mild headache. If your headache is severe, or if you experience any of the symptoms below, you must be seen by a doctor right away. These may be a sign of dangerously high blood pressure (called malignant hypertension) or a complication from high blood pressure.
tiredness
confusion
vision changes
angina-like chest pain (crushing chest pain)
heart failure
blood in urine
nosebleed
irregular heartbeat
ear noise or buzzing
Signs and tests
Hypertension may be suspected when the blood pressure is high at any single measurement. It is confirmed through blood pressure measurements that are repeated over time. Blood pressure consistently elevated over 140 systolic or 90 diastolic is called hypertension. Your doctor will look for signs of complications to your heart, kidneys, eyes, and other organs in your body.
Systolic blood pressure consistently between 120 and 139 or diastolic blood pressure consistently between 80 and 89 is called pre-hypertension. Your doctor will recommend and encourage lifestyle changes including weight loss, exercise, and nutritional changes.
Tests for suspected causes and complications may be performed. These are guided by the symptoms presented, history, and results of examination.
Treatment
The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure to a level where there is decreased risk of complications. Treatment may occur at home with close supervision by the health care provider, or may occur in the hospital.
Medications may include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or alpha blockers. Medications such as hydralazine, minoxidil, diazoxide, or nitroprusside may be required if the blood pressure is very high.
Have your blood pressure checked at regular intervals (as often as recommended by your doctor.)
Lifestyle changes may reduce high blood pressure, including weight loss, exercise, and dietary adjustments .
Expectations (prognosis)
Hypertension is controllable with treatment. It requires lifelong monitoring, and the treatment may require adjustments periodically.
Complications
hypertensive heart disease
heart attacks
congestive heart failure
blood vessel damage (arteriosclerosis)
aortic dissection
kidney damage
kidney failure
stroke
brain damage
loss of vision
Calling your health care provider
Even if you have not been diagnosed with high blood pressure, it is important to have your blood pressure checked at annual exams, especially if you have a history of high blood pressure in your family.
If you have high blood pressure, you will have regularly scheduled appointments with your doctor.
In between appointments, if you have any of the symptoms listed below or your blood pressure remains high even with treatment (this assumes the use of a home blood pressure monitor), then call your doctor right away.
Severe headache
Excessive tiredness
Confusion
Visual changes
Nausea and vomiting
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Significant sweating
Prevention
Lifestyle changes may help control high blood pressure:
Lose weight if you are overweight. Excess weight adds to strain on the heart. In some cases, weight loss may be the only treatment needed.
Exercise to help your heart.
Adjust your diet as needed. Decrease fat and sodium -- salt, MSG, and baking soda all contain sodium. Increase fruits, vegetables, and fiber.
Follow your health care provider's recommendations to modify, treat, or control possible causes of secondary hypertension | |
| | | zalabiaa مشرفه قسم الاسره والمجتمع
عدد الرسائل : 244 العمر : 37 السٌّمعَة : 0 نقاط : 12 تاريخ التسجيل : 05/04/2008
| موضوع: رد: Hypertension الإثنين 27 أكتوبر 2008, 16:54 | |
| ميرسى يارشروشه ع موضووعاتك المتميزه
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| | | YouNG MaN ملاك مميز
عدد الرسائل : 178 السٌّمعَة : 0 نقاط : 0 تاريخ التسجيل : 10/12/2008
| موضوع: رد: Hypertension الثلاثاء 16 ديسمبر 2008, 00:03 | |
| رائع جداً .. واسمحي لي أختي بهذه الإضافة - اقتباس :
- Hypertension
I INTRODUCTION
Hypertension or High Blood Pressure, medical condition in which constricted arterial blood vessels increase the resistance to blood flow, causing an increase in blood pressure against vessel walls. The heart must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed arteries. If the condition persists, damage to the heart and blood vessels is likely, increasing the risk for stroke, heart attack, and kidney or heart failure. Often called the “silent killer,” hypertension usually causes no symptoms until it reaches a life-threatening stage.
Hypertension affects 20 percent of people living in the United States. Of these, almost a third are unaware of their condition. Until the age of 55, more men than women have hypertension. After that age, the condition becomes more prevalent in women. Hypertension is significantly more common in African Americans of both sexes than in other racial or ethnic groups.
Physicians use two measurements to describe blood pressure. Systolic pressure measures blood pressure as the heart contracts to pump out blood. Diastolic pressure measures blood pressure as the heart relaxes to allow blood to flow into the heart. An instrument called a sphygmomanometer measures systolic and diastolic pressure using units of millimeters of mercury (abbreviated mm Hg).
Blood pressure is classified in four categories: normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension. Normal blood pressure in an adult is less than 120/80 mm Hg, in which 120 describes systolic pressure and 80 describes diastolic pressure. Prehypertension is defined as a systolic pressure of 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure of 80 to 89 mm Hg. People with prehypertension are likely to develop hypertension at some point during their life. Stage 1 hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure of 140 to 159 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure of 90 to 99 mm Hg. Stage 2 hypertension is defined as 160/100 mm Hg or higher.
II HOW HYPERTENSION DEVELOPS
Two factors determine blood pressure: the amount of blood the heart pumps and the diameter of the arteries receiving blood from the heart. When the arteries narrow, they increase the resistance to blood flow. The heart works harder to pump more blood to make sure the same amount of blood circulates to all the body tissues. The more blood the heart pumps and the smaller the arteries, the higher the blood pressure.
The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of blood pressure. Kidneys secrete the hormone renin, which causes arteries to contract, thereby raising blood pressure. The kidneys also control the fluid volume of blood, either by retaining salt or excreting salt into urine. When kidneys retain salt in the bloodstream, the salt attracts water, increasing the fluid volume of blood. As a higher volume of blood passes through arteries, it increases blood pressure.
Scientists do not fully understand the causes of hypertension. In up to 95 percent of cases no clear cause can be identified. This type of high blood pressure is known as essential hypertension, and scientists suspect that genetic factors may play a role in its development. In about 5 percent of cases high blood pressure develops as a result of another medical disorder, such as kidney or liver disease, or as a side effect of certain medications. This type of high blood pressure is known as secondary hypertension. Other factors that may contribute to elevated blood pressure in some people include a diet high in salt, physical inactivity, obesity, and heavy alcohol consumption.
III COMPLICATIONS
If hypertension is not detected and treated, life-threatening complications develop over a course of years. Increased pressure on the inner walls of blood vessels makes the vessels less flexible over time and more vulnerable to the buildup of fatty deposits in a process known as atherosclerosis (see Arteriosclerosis). Weakened portions of the blood vessel wall may balloon, forming an aneurysm. If an aneurysm ruptures, internal hemorrhaging (bleeding) results. Both atherosclerosis and a ruptured aneurysm in the brain can lead to a stroke.
Hypertension forces the heart to work harder to pump adequate blood throughout the body. This extra work causes the muscles of the heart to enlarge, and eventually the enlarged heart becomes inefficient in pumping blood. An enlarged heart may lead to heart failure, in which the heart can not pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
Increased blood pressure may damage the small blood vessels within the kidney. The kidney then becomes unable to filter blood efficiently, and waste products may build up in the blood in a condition known as uremia. Without medical treatment, kidney failure will result.
IV TREATMENT
Physicians recommend that people with prehypertension undergo diet and lifestyle changes, such as losing weight and quitting smoking, in order to prevent a rise in blood pressure. Some patients can lower their blood pressure by limiting salt in their diet. Increasing physical activity and reducing alcohol consumption to less than two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women may also lower blood pressure.
For those with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension, a physician may prescribe diet and lifestyle changes, as well as one or more drugs known as antihypertensives. Diuretics are antihypertensives that promote excess salt and water excretion, reducing the amount of fluid in the bloodstream and relieving pressure on blood vessel walls. Beta blockers reduce heart rate and the amount of blood the heart pumps. ACE inhibitors prevent the narrowing of blood vessel walls to control blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers slow heart rate and relax blood vessels. Studies show that two drugs are more effective than one drug at lowering blood pressure to less than 140/90 mm Hg.
وجزاكم الله خيراً | |
| | | YouNG MaN ملاك مميز
عدد الرسائل : 178 السٌّمعَة : 0 نقاط : 0 تاريخ التسجيل : 10/12/2008
| موضوع: رد: Hypertension الثلاثاء 16 ديسمبر 2008, 00:08 | |
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| | | رشروشه Admin
عدد الرسائل : 4030 العمر : 36 العمل/الترفيه : المدير السٌّمعَة : 4 نقاط : 982 تاريخ التسجيل : 02/04/2008
| موضوع: رد: Hypertension الإثنين 05 يناير 2009, 21:36 | |
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| | | moon ahmed مشرفه قسم التوعيه والتثقيف الصحى
عدد الرسائل : 3993 العمر : 36 السٌّمعَة : 5 نقاط : 645 تاريخ التسجيل : 09/06/2008
| موضوع: رد: Hypertension الثلاثاء 06 يناير 2009, 10:54 | |
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